3d & 4d Printing – Techiespedia.org

4D Printing is the Future of Design

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That's right, it's one D better! Actually, 4D printing is about using a 3D printer to produce self-reconfiguring, programmable material that intelligently arranges itself into basically any ...object -- with no computers or electricity required! Skylar Tibbits, an MIT researcher, has already developed prototypes from his self-assembly lab. And this is just the beginning - from skyscrapers to space stations, the promises of 4D printing are amazing.

How would you use 4D Printing? Let us know in the comments below!
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[TRANSCRIPT]:
Some assembly required may soon be replaced with "Just Add Water."

3D printers. I never get tired of thinking about all the possible applications, like building a brand new coffee table, or building a brand new 3D printer, or finally getting that Strickland action figure everyone's been asking for. But all of these great products have one thing in common - rigidity. That means they're going to keep that shape once I print them, unless I take a flamethrower to them, or maybe a hacksaw. But the advent of something called 4D printing could turn all of that on its head! That's right, it's one "D" better!

Actually, it's not just a catch phrase, 4D printing is really about using a 3D printer to print out self-reconfiguring, programmable material. Now imagine this. You have a non-living object that can change its shape and behavior over time. It's kind of like a robot, but there are no microprocessors, no circuit boards no motors - in fact to you it looks like a string of plastic. But you toss it into a kiddie pool, and upon contact with water you now have a secret message spelled out in plastic cursive!

Skylar Tibbits, the man who really came up with this idea of 4D printing, has gone even further. He's created programmable sheet material. It's a sheet of plastic that, when submerged in water, can clench up into the shape of a cube. And a cube is just the beginning! More complex designs will mean millions of more shapes - like self-folding origami!

In the near future, imagine a smart grid of plumbing, with pipes that can actually expand and contract in response to water demand. Or maybe even heal if there is a frozen segment that breaks open. Or imagine self assembling furniture. Print out a flat board and just add water, next thing you know it curls up into a rocking chair. Now, wrap your mind around how useful this would be in a really hostile environment, like low Earth orbit, where building stuff comes at a high cost and a high risk.

Now the prototypes we have seen so far have been pretty simple, but the promises are amazing! Think about it on the really big scale. What about skyscrapers and bridges. If we could make them out of smart materials like smart beams and smart bricks, they could heal themselves after weather damage or prepare for something massive like an earthquake.

Or we flip it. We go on to the very small scale and now we have micro particles moving around in our bodies, maintaining our health. You might be wondering, how much complexity can build up our of stuff that changes its shape without computers or electromechanical motors. Lets think about proteins for a second. Proteins are pretty much what make any basic animal function possible on a cellular level. And a protein is really self-reconfiguring material. It's a polypeptide. It's a long chain of amino acids. So once again we're playing Copy Cat to mother nature.

Now lets not get ahead of ourselves, I'm not actually suggesting that we're going to be printing out some sort of plastic replicant that can gain self-awareness and yearn for more life But maybe we will. In fact, it's hard for us to predict right now. We're just seeing the very beginning of this technology, and the complexity could become truly amazing.

So, how would you use 4D printing? Let us know! Leave a comment below, we promise we're going to read every single one of them and while your there why don't you "like" the vide if you enjoyed it, and subscribe, we got some great stuff coming up soon!

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To date, we’ve shipped sold over 1,000,000 3Doodler pens; and our community has used them to create amazing things: from jewelry to RC planes, fully 3Doodled dresses, architectural models, and even writing braille!

To help kickstart creativity in the classroom we’ve created a special educational bundle - complete with pens, plastic, accessories, and curricular materials - which you can send to any school, library or maker space of your choosing.

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Our Community website has hundreds of projects and stencils that you can download for free, and it’s filled with how-to videos and images of inspiring creations from around the world.

We can’t thank you enough for joining us on this amazing journey.

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Read More:
"Next, 4-D Printers?"

http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/26/next-4-d-printers/?ref=business

"Now that the promise of 3-D printing has landed on the national agenda, researchers want to increase the stakes — with so-called 4-D printing."

"4D printing sees materials form themselves into anything"

http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/27/4d-printing

"There are 3D printers that build things up, adding one sliver of plastic at a time, and 3D mills that tear things down, grinding away one small chunk at a time. But Skylar Tibbits offer a very provocative alternative: technology for 3D printing where the chunks start separated and intelligently arrange themselves into basically any object."

"Skylar Tibbits: Can we make things that make themselves?"

http://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_tibbits_can_we_make_things_that_make_themselves.html

"MIT researcher Skylar Tibbits works on self-assembly -- the idea that instead of building something (a chair, a skyscraper), we can create materials that build themselves, much the way a strand of DNA zips itself together."

Self-Assembly Lab:

http://selfassemblylab.net/

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[TRANSCRIPT]:
Soon you may be able to create a kidney with a copy machine.

How would you like to download a coffee table? Or at least a digital model of a coffee table that you could customize any way you like so it fit perfectly in your living room and then you just print it out. I'm not talking about a picture of a coffee table. I'm talking about an actual, physical three-dimensional object that lives in your living room. Well it's all possible. It's the world of 3D printing and it's going to change everything. It'll redefine the way we think about innovation, design, manufacturing, distribution. Everything about buying and selling tangible goods from here to Mars.

Simply put, 3D printing is the process of making three-dimensional, solid objects out of 1's and 0's from a digital file. 3D printers bridge the gap between the digital and physical worlds. It uses very thin layers of plastic, measuring just a few microns, as thin as a sheet of copy paper, to build an object from the bottom up.

This is additive manufacturing. It creates a new item by adding only what is needed. Unlike other forms of manufacturing where the excess is carved, cut or melted away, leaving a ton of waste. And 3D printing isn't limited to plastics. Already, you can print stuff to glass, metal, food, organs - I'm not talking about the musical instrument, I'm talking about human tissue. I kid you not! A couple of years ago there was a guy who demonstrated he could print human kidneys using living cells as ink. We're talking about the ability to create transplant organs with a 3D printer. And this isn't the future we're talking about - we're talking about right now!

I mean we've come a long way from the 1980s when a bunch of do-it-yourself nuts decided to kickstart 3D printing. Today, you and I, you know, people who have real jobs, we can actually go out and buy one of these things for like, a thousand bucks. Forbes estimates that it'll be a five billion dollar industry by the year 2020. And as these printers become more popular, the price comes down, which means consumers like me and you can afford to buy one ourselves.

Or have a friend print one out for us.

Once we get to the point where we can print circuitry directly, you print one printer that prints another printer, and it's game over. We're talking limitless customization.

You could even scan your entire body and print out your own action figure. Or in my case, an inaction figure.

NASA's using 3D printers to make repairs on space equipment. They use a process called selective laser melting, or SLM, that they use to create a nickel alloy to repair everything like the J2 rocket engine.

I mean, this is the promise of 3D printing! We can make our lives as customized as we want, print any object you can imagine, and have it in your hand in just a matter of hours. And in the immediate future, it could mean that astronauts are able to print our repair parts for space craft or space stations, which are pretty important when you're months away from a rescue mission. I mean, imagine what it would've been like if Apollo 13 had a 3D printer on board.

But then we wouldn't have had Tom Hanks in space...

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A home like this can be built in less than 24 hours at a cost of only $4,000. The secret? 3D printing. And they could help families living in poverty and unsafe conditions. New ...Story, a housing charity organization, and ICON, a construction tech company, have partnered together. Their goal is to end global homelessness.

Alexandria Lafci: So having strong, sturdy walls, having a door that we can close at night — it's something that we take for granted. Being able to lock our door and be safe. For many of these families, for years, sometimes even a lifetime, they don't have that opportunity to have a safe shelter. So when they move into a New Story community, when they move into a safe home, families lives are transformed.

An entire community of these 3D printed homes will be constructed in El Salvador. The ultimate goal is to get costs down to $4,000 per house with a build time of fewer than 24 hours.

This prototype house was built in Austin, TX. The home measures 650 square feet. Mortar was printed layer by layer. Human workers installed windows, doors, plumbing, and electrical systems. Here's what's inside: A living room. Small office space. One bedroom. One bathroom. ICON staff will use the home as an office to test the durability.

Evan Loomis: Our first product is a 3D printer that can print a house in 24 hours for half the cost. Phase one for News Story and for ICON is a proof of concept house and the good news is we've done it. We printed the first home in the United States that's going to be permitted and for us, this is just the beginning. The real kind of home run for us is to be able to do what we've done here in Austin, Texas in the developing world and we're doing that in what we call phase two which is in El Salvador. We are going to be printing an entire village for people that don't have homes.

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Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:50 Costs less than $4000
2:38 Printed in 24 hours
4:22 Eliminate all jobs
5:56 Solve homelessness
7:59 3d printing is sustainable
8:55 Tackling misconceptions

Thanks @Jarett Gross for the footage!
Thumbnail courtesy of XTree
Claim #1: 3D printed homes can be built for less than $4000.
This is a flat out lie that started circulating in 2018. Journalists misled people for the sake of clicks by claiming that ICON 3D, based in Austin, Texas had a $10,000 tiny home prototype that could cost around $3,500 or $4,000 when printed in large quantities. The cost of 3d printed homes is a hotly debated topic because it is a new field with many unknown variables. 3D printing can have lower labor costs, but there are other expenses to consider: the cost of electricity to run the machine which is exorbitant in some countries, the cost of renting or buying the printer, the cost of hiring specialists to calibrate and run the machine, etc.

Claim #2: Homes can be printed in 24 hours
3D printers create walls, not homes. There are dozens of other components that go into building a house: windows, doors, roofs, electrical wiring, plumbing, insulation, HVAC systems, interior walls and finishes, millwork, etc.

Claim #3: 3d printing will make jobs unnecessary
There’s a common thread behind all these misleading claims. The productivity of the construction industry is lagging far behind others. Outsiders from the tech field want to fix it by disrupting and automating the entire industry without having any knowledge of its intricacies. There are millions of variables at play: soil conditions, weather, local materials, culture, economy, design codes, and of course, form and function.

Claim #4: 3D printed homes can solve homelessness
The arrogance of designers and architects really shines when they talk about homeless shelters. Making a shipping container or 3D printed concrete shelter will not solve homelessness. I spoke to Nicholas Patel, the founder of Fullbore Africa. He pointed out lack of consistent power, the need for several backup generators, the carbon emissions shipping the machine to Africa, the poor infrastructure, the legal issues clearing the printers at ports, 24 hour security, cost of foreign-trained specialists, and the difficulty in getting high quality, consistent windows and doors to fit into the precise openings created by 3D printers.

Claim #5: 3D printing is sustainable
The building construction industry accounts for 40% of all energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, of which cement accounts for 8%. As much as I love the material and the solidity of concrete structures, it is one of the most destructive materials on Earth. Also, walls are a tiny portion of the entire structure. We need a holistic approach to construction to make it truly sustainable.

I don’t think the technology is a gimmick, but I despise the sensationalist coverage, misleading claims and over-promises. They generate a lot of buzz and probably help fund startups, but I think the lies cheapen its value.
Right now, 3D printing seems to be a solution looking for a problem. The technology has so much potential, but it’s in its infancy stage. I see so many parallels between the hype and media coverage of shipping container homes and 3d printed homes.
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SOURCES:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bj8kZ3llS5E CNBC Television
https://www.treehugger.com/icon-d-printed-affordable-homes-4858287
https://www.businessinsider.com/3d-homes-that-take-24-hours-and-less-than-4000-to-print-2018-9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCEgrKVWNhI Jarett Gross
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gt3bid70Fro Jarett Gross
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=is2UVodNphY Icon 3D Tech
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SObzNdyRTBs New China TV
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKNWujpv6pk WION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWNaddnQBxM Mashable
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRgCMmq4vzA LaFargeHolcim
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148017306.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txvX81YOB60 Family Guy
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#3dprinting #3dprintedhome #concrete #gimmick #scam #construction #architecture #design #icon #icon3d #austin #stem #future #automation

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Thanks to Tim Ellis and everyone at Relativity Space for the tour!
https://www.relativityspace.com/
https://youtube.com/c/RelativitySpace

Special thanks to Scott Manley for the interview and advising on aerospace engineering.
Check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/szyzyg

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References:
Benson, T. (2021). Rocket Parts. NASA. — https://ve42.co/RocketParts

Boen, B. (2009). Winter Wonder: Rocket Icicles. NASA. — https://ve42.co/EngineIcicles

Hall, N. (2021). Rocket Thrust Equation. NASA. — https://ve42.co/RocketEqn

Benson, T. (2021). Rocket Thrust. NASA. — https://ve42.co/RocketThrust

Regenerative Cooling — https://ve42.co/RegenCooling

How A Gold Bullet Almost Destroyed A Space Shuttle by Scott Manley — https://ve42.co/ManleyEngine

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang
Animation by Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Additional video supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

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